> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://nixum.gitbook.io/note/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://nixum.gitbook.io/note/english-learning.md). # 英语学习总结 \[TOC] ## 方法论 整体参考视频：[自学英语零基础到中高级！超详细学习指南！](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ZM4y1J748) ### 初学 1. 找核心学习资料（50%），《走进美国》、《每日英语听力》《新概念一册，Leo老师》《欧陆词典》 * 边听边看文本热身 * 查词学语法点 * 逐句反复跟读 * 原速跟读 * 遮盖原文原速听 2. 背单词（25%） * 在语境下背单词 3. 听说训练（25%） * 发音、音标课《BBC learn all 44 engilsh sounds》 音-词-句，泛听（语音语调、抓单词、重复） * 可利用 博树，多邻国，[speak](https://www.usespeak.com/zh-tw)、[call annie](https://callannie.ai/)、[talkface](https://talkface.ai/)、[Ainder](https://apps.apple.com/cn/app/ainder-%E5%92%8Cai%E7%BB%83%E9%9B%85%E6%80%9D%E5%8F%A3%E8%AF%AD-%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E8%B0%88%E6%81%8B%E7%88%B1/id6450455171) * 摸鱼时进行泛听，泡耳朵，平时没事多**听**或者**跟读**新概念的音频，主要是用来提升语音、语调、语速、变音，在此过程中要多注意里面的单词，语法的习惯用法 跟读时，听一句，读一句，尽可能的模仿，直到满意 4. 可持续性学习（只要中断就得重新开始）： 1. 每天10分钟，8分钟输入，2分钟输出，连续10天，不允许中断，方法是选择简单的、感兴趣的油管视频，看完就开始 **写 或者 说** 看完视频感受，养成学习的习惯 2. 每天30分钟，25分钟输入，5分钟输出，连续30天，不允许中断 3. 每天60分钟，50分钟输入，10分钟输出，连续30天，不允许中断 4. 自由发挥，尽可能多的使用英文 需要设定目标：长期目标 -> 中期 -> 短期，目的是控制学习量 #### 具体计划 1. 核心学习资料-30分钟 * 新概念英语一册，一节或半节，搭配leo视频 2. 背单词 - 15分钟 * 《欧路词典》《新概念一册、二册》词库 3. 听书训练 - 15分钟 * 阶段一：英语兔 音标专攻，一天2-4个发音 * 阶段二：一集english pod播客，或一集《跟着lucy学英语》 4. 语法专攻 - 20分钟 * 《剑桥语法》练习及视频 5. 口语练习-30分钟 * 利用《cambly》app 外教课，《语伴》app ### 中级 大量听说读，看视频、有声书、ted等，只看英文字幕 ### 单词学习 对于单词的学习，尝试去造句 * 学会单词的形态变化，比如对于动词 + 动词的变化，时态的变化 * 四句型转换，肯定句，否定句，一般疑问句，特殊疑问句 * 方式 / 地点 / 时间 * 结合习惯用法 * 其他单词 + 词性，根据词性去做组合 * 原文摘抄 + 变换 以 private 为例， 1. 结合其他单词，比如有 private school、private life、private hospital 2. 结合短语，比如 go to a private school 3. 造句，进行四句型转换，比如 * He goes to a private school. * Does he go to a private school? * Why does he go to a private school? ### 简单造句 要有主语，有动词（动词要有变化），加形容词/副词，加地点，加时间，语序参考下面的表格 |

时间
When

|

主语
Who、Which、What

|

谓语
行为，动词+动词变化

|

宾语
Who、Which、What

|

方式
How、副词

|

地点
Where

|

时间
When

| | ----------------- | --------------------------- | ----------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------ | ----------------- | | | A cute woman | is shouting | | angrily | in her car | at midnight | ## 习惯用法 * 感叹句：what adj + n + (主语 + 谓语) 或者 how adj + (主语 + 谓语) * A be different from B：A 不同与 B * A is 5 miles from B：A距离B有5英里 * A be full of B：A充满B * A give B a lift：A给了B搭便车 * A be strict with B：A对B很严格 * A serves as B：A当作B * A be equipped with B：A装备了B，equip sb with sth：给某人装备某物 * A be referred to as B：把A称为B，等价于 refer to A as B * a great number of + 名词复数 等价于 a lot of：大量 * a glass of beer：一杯啤酒 * a piece of cheese：一片芝士 * a parcel of diamonds: 一包钻石 * a colony of bee：一群蜜蜂 * a crowd of beggars：一群人乞丐 * a short while age：不久前 * a trail of：一系列，一长串 * a blessing in disguise：因祸得福 * as it did 引导方式状语从句，eg：Looks the same as it did twenty years ago. 这里it did指的就是Look the same. * admit doing sth：承认做某事 / sb admin that * ask (sb) for sth：向某人想要某些东西 * ask sb to do sth：请求某人做某事 * account for the fact that：解释事实，that后面加一个句子解释这个事实 * as if : 好像，似乎，就像 * as 做方式状语的连接词有的含义：1. 像，2. 当...， 3. 作为...，4. 按照....的方式， * at large：逍遥法外；在逃；未被捕获的 * a few hours earlier：几个小时前 * a pile of：一大堆... * a great deal of + 不可数名词，表示大量的xx * at five to twelve：差5分钟到12点，即11点55分 * at that moment：在那个瞬间 等价 at present * all parts of the country：全国各地 * admire sb for sth / doing sth：赞美某人某事 * apply to sb：适用于某人 * apply for sth：申请某个东西 * apart from：除了... * affort this 等价于 affort to pay this，支付得起这个 * allow用法： * be allowd to do sth：被允许做某事 * allow sb to do sth：允许某人做某事 * as ... as... ：像什么什么一样什么，eg：as busy as usal 像往常一样忙碌，否定是 not as(也可以用so) ... as ... * a slip of the tongue：口误 * attempt to do sth：企图/尝试做某事 * avoid doing sth：避免做某事 * base on：基于xxx * be accustomed to doing：习惯做某事 * be armed(被动) with sth 等价于 arm sb/sth with sth：装备某物 * be able to do：能做某事，等价于 be due to do，与 can / could 的区别：两者都表达一种普通能力，只是 was able to do，表示过去的成功事件， * be always doing sth：be + doing 与 always 连用时，表示频率过高，令说话者心烦，生厌（不绝对） * be base on：基于.... * be busy doing sth：忙于做某事 * be busy with sth：忙于某件事 * be confident that + 句子：对xxx有信心 * be eager to do sth：渴望做某事 * be going to do sth：将来要做啥 等价于 be gonna do sth * be nervous about sth / doing sth：做某事很不安/紧张 * be proud of ：为谁感到自豪 * be aware of ：对什么很清楚，知道什么，意识到什么 * be astonish at sth：对什么感到很惊讶 * be confident that ... + 句子 * be called in to do sth：被叫来做某事 * be dressed in ：穿着了什么（被动） * be dressed up as：打扮成了什么，也可以省略be * be disappointed to learn that：很沮丧的得知... * be equal to sth：胜任某事 * be exempted from：从...被免除 * be fanatical about/doing sth：对某事，做某事很狂热 * be likely to do sth：可能去做某事 * be interested in doing sth：做某事感兴趣 * be instructed to do sth：被指示/命令做某事 * be instructed in doing sth 等价于 instruct sb in sth/doing sth：教某人做某事 * be lined up：排成一排 * be mad at sb：对某人生气 * be keen on sth/doing sth：热衷某事 * be / get upset about sth：对什么感到沮丧/不安 * be up for sale：待售 * be worth doing：值得去做某事 * be pleased with：对什么感到满意 * be popular with：在xxx之间受欢迎 * be put to shame：等价于 put sb to shame，使某人感到惭愧 * be responsible for：对...有责任 * be reluctant to do sth：不情愿做某事 * be sensitive about sth：对某事感到敏感 * be tolerant of：容忍某事 * get / be tired of sth / doing sth：厌倦做某事 * begin to do sth：等价于begin doing sth，都是表示 开始做某事 * belong to sb：属于某人 * be confined to xxx：被困在 xxx * become / be an expert at doing sth：在做某事上次成为专家 * bear sth in mind：牢记这sth一点 * borrow sth from sb：从某人那借来某物 * board the plane：登机 * black or white：非黑即白，比如see things in balck or white：看待事物非黑即白 * black out：晕了，昏迷 * break into cheers：欢呼起来 * burst into tears：爆哭 * cover the distance in ...：覆盖距离 * cause sb/sth to do sth：引起某人做某事 * call at 等价于 visit 等价于 call on：访问 * clear conscience（良心）：问心无愧 * claim one's life：夺走某人的性命 * claim to have done sth：声称已经做过某事 * cling to sb/sth：附着在... * charge at sb：冲向某人，有攻击性，等价于 attack * catch up with sb：追上某人 / 遇见某人 * cover sb/sth with a：用a覆盖sb/sth * connect a to b：连接a和b，等价于 a be connected to b * complain about sth：抱怨某事 / complain of sth * continue doing / to do sth：继续做某事 * died from：死于环境、事故，died of：死于疾病、衰老 * despite the fact that...：除了这样一个事实是... * devote oneself to sth / doing sth：致力于做某事 * drive on to sw：继续开向某处 * died of 后面一般加疾病，表示死于什么疾病 * drive me mad：把我逼疯 * dream of doing sth：梦想做某事 * don't have to do 等价于 don't need to do ，不必做某事 * do anything to do sth：使出浑身解数做某事 * even if：即使，even though：尽管 * enter for：参加 * expect sth to be done：期待某事被做 * entitle sb to sth / to do sth：给某人有权利做某事，entitle另一个意思是给某个东西起名字 * enable sb to do sth：确保某人做某事 * feel obliged to do sth：觉得有义务做某事，obliged to 等价于 bound to，意思是不得不做，一定做 * fail to do sth：失败做某事 * far more interesting：有趣得多得多，far 这里表达远超，程度副词 * forbid sb to do sth：禁止某人做某事 * feel sorry for sb：觉得某人挺可怜、值得同情，可悲 * find sb doing sth：发现某人做某事 * for one cause or another：等价于 for one reason or another，因为诸多原因 * gaze at / glance at：盯着，凝视着 * get sth for sb：给某人拿某些东西 * give up doing sth：放弃做某事 * give rise to：等价于 lead to 等价于cause，表示导致... * get into (such) a mess：陷入麻烦 / 弄到一身灰尘 * get a fright / give me a fright：受到惊吓 / 吓我一跳 * going througth：翻阅 * go on a diet 等价于 be on a diet ：表示节食 * go on doing sth：持续 / 坚持做某事 * go on strike：罢工 * go downhill：走下坡路 * go to church：做礼拜，go to the church：去教堂 * go to extreme to do sth：走极端做某事 * help oneself to sth：未经许可拿某人某物，偷某人某物 * happend to do：碰巧做某事 * hesitate to do sth：犹豫做某事 * hesitate for a moment / second：等价于 wait a moment，表示等一会 * have sth in common...：在某事上是相同的 * have difficulty in doing sth：走某事很困难 * have trouble with sth：做某事情有麻烦或困难 * have a glimpse of sth/sb：瞥见某人 / 某事 * have / make an impact on：在...上产生影响 * have a habit of doing sth：有习惯做某事，develop a habit：养成习惯 * have authority to do：有权力做某事 * have/get the nerve to do sth：有勇气做某事 * hear / see doing sth：非全程听/看到做某事，hear / see do sth：全程都听 / 看到做某事 * hold up the traffic：阻塞交通，hold up the line：阻碍排队 * i is/was wondering + 句子：我想知道的是... * in this way：在路上 * in sb's honor：向某人致敬 * in return for xxx：作为xxx的回报 * in twenty minutes(' time)：12分钟之后 / in six months：6个月后 * in the front of (内部的前面) / in front of (外部的前面) * intend to do sth：计划做某事 * insist on doing sth：坚持做某事 * it seems that + 句子：似乎是... * it is a blessing that ... ：很幸运的是... * it is said that ... 等价于 be said to do sth：表示 据说 * it is disturbing to think that + 句子：很困扰的是... + 句子 * it occurred to sb that（to do sth）...：某人突然间想到 * it take sb sometime to do sth：花费某人多长时间做某事 * it is no use pretending that + 句子：假装做...是没有用的 * it comes as a surprise to learn that + 句子：得知某事很惊讶 * knock at the door：敲门 * keep guard：站岗，守卫，守在这里 * keep in touch with sb：与某人保持联系 * keep track of：追踪xxx的进展 * lend sb sth：借给某人某物 * leave sb a message：给某人留下信息 * laugh at sb：嘲笑某人 * look forward to sth / doing sth：盼望做某事 * look down on sb：看不起某人，等价于 scornfully，轻蔑地 * look on：旁观 * mind doing sth：介意做某事，格式：do you mind my smoking?为什么要用my，可以理解为smoke是属于"我的"，属于固定搭配，得是 “某人的”，可以省略，也可以用me * mark the occasion：纪念这个场合 * make a spectacle of oneself：让某人出洋相 * make no effort to do sth：不努力做某事 * make a decision：做决定 * make sb do sth：让某人做某事，被动，不能省略to，为 be made to do sth，被迫做某事，等价于 be forced to do sth * make up my mind：下定决心 * manage to do sth：等价于 was able to do sth，含义：过去成功做了某事，设法做成了某事 * might / may as well：（没有更好的选择）只能去做了 * mixture of a and b：a和b的混合物 * move to a house in 地方 / move to 地方：搬到某个地方 * not know the way to 地方：不知道那个地方的路 * no sooner ... than ... ：等价于 as soon as，表示 一 ... 就 * on doing sth, ... 等价于 as soon as，等价于 the moment，都表示 一...就 * on the last day：在最后一天 * on the course：在路上，course还有其他意思，比如课程，过程，经过，球场，of course 当然 * on this occasion：在这种场合，occasion：n 场合；occasionally：adv 是偶然的 * one way of another：不管怎么样 * one good turn deserves another：礼尚往来，好人有好报，turn这里表行为 * once upon a time：很久以前 * once more：再一次，重新 * pocket money：零钱，零花钱 * play truant from school：逃学 * pay for sth：支付某如 * pay it back：把他还回来 * pay sb a visit：拜访某人 * persuade sb (not) to do sth：说服某人做某事 * put forward a plan ：提出一个计划 * put it behind me：抛之脑后，遗忘掉 * put my finger on it：引申含义，明确的指出 * point the finger at：引申含义，指责或责备某人 * prevent sb from doing sth：阻止某人做某事 * (would) prefer to do sth 等价于 prefer doing sth，更喜欢做某事 * prefer A to B：和b比我更喜欢A * prefer doing A to doing B ：和做 B 相比我更喜欢做A * (would) prefer to do A rather than B：和做B相比，我更喜欢做A * protect A from B：保护A免于B的(伤害) * provide sb with sth：提供给某人某物 * receive sth from sb：从谁那收到东西 * refuse to do sth：拒绝做某事 * remind sb of sth/sb：提醒某人想起某事/人 * remember sb for + sth：想起某人某事 * regretted doing sth：后悔做某事 * run into serious trouble：遇到严重的困难 * run out of：用尽，耗尽 * save up for years to buy sth：存了很多年钱买某物 * should (not) do 或者 ought (not) to do，都是表示应该做 * should have done 或者 ought to have done，都是表示本应该做某事，但却没有 * sort of 等价于 kind of：各种类型，各种种类，what sort of / what kind of，all sorts of / all kinds of * spot sb doing sth：看到某人做某事 * spend固定用法： * spend on：在...方面花费 * spend money on：花多少钱买某物 * spend time (in) doing：花时间做某事 * speed it / things / this up：加速做某事 * stand on sb's head：倒立 * start doing sth：开始做某事， 等价于 set out to do sth 、intend to do sth、begin to do sth * stick to the plan：坚持这个计划 * step side：站到一边；从重要的职位离开，辞职；撤退 * stop by：顺便来访 * set up a new world record：创建新的世界记录 / break the record：打破世界记录 * seem to be doing：似乎在做某事 * shout at sb：带情绪的那种喊，shout to sb：使某人能听到的那种喊 * stick my plan：坚持我的计划 * stamp out：踩灭、踩出 * so far：到目前为止 * so long as：只要... * so + adj/adv：表程度，可以是形容词或副词， such + adj + n：表程度，但一定是形容词+名词，形容词也可以去掉 so adj/adv that ... 、 such + (adj) + n + that：如此...以至于... * succeed in doing sth：成功做某事 * suggest that ... does / should do，建议某人做某事，should可省略，可do可does * sneer at sb 或者 with a sneer：冷笑某人 * sb take a long time to do sth：某人花费很长时间做某事 * take sth/sb seriously：认真对待某事/某人 * take it away from me：从我身边抢走 * take plates of ...：给...拍片 * take a lift / ask for a lift / give sb a lift：请求搭便车 * take charge of ：负责，掌管，承担责任，控制 * take off：飞机起飞，touch down：飞机降落 * too adj to do sth：太 adj 以至于不能做某事 * to make matters worse：使事情变得更糟糕的是 * to sb's horror：使某人惊恐 * think about sth/sb：思考某人/某事 * tech sb sth：教给某人某事 * try to do sth：尝试做某事 * turn out to be：结果是，原来是，证明是 * to sb's surprise：让某人惊讶的是 * that's neat 等价于 that's cool * the last day of the year：一年的最后一天 * threaten sb with sth：威胁某人某事 * two minutes past twelve：12点过2分 * the news get around：消息传播开来 * wake up with start：惊醒 * work for xx：给xx工作 * well-konw：著名 * will be away：离开 * wave to sb：向某人招手 * without doing sth：没有做某事 * urge sb to do sth：怂恿某人做某事 * up to now：到目前为止 * use up：用光 * use to do sth：过去常常做某事（现在不做了），否定式为 didn't use to do * 区别 be use to doing：习惯做某事 * 区别 be used to do sth：被用来做某事 * 与would do的区别，would do指的是过去重复发生的动作、过去经常做某事，use to do指过去的状态 或者 暗含现在不发生了 或者 讨论经常且重要的习惯行为(比较主观，看情况) * be use as：被当作，use A as B：把A当成B ## 语法体系 大部分句子都由**简单句**组合而成，而最简单的句子就是 主语 + 谓语 = 什么 + 怎么样 * 主语：人/物 * 谓语动词：动作(动词) / 发生了什么事 * 可以独立完成的动作，主语+不及物动词，如：Rabbit sleeps. * 有一个动作的承受者，主语 + 单及物动词 + 宾语，如Rabbit likes you. * 有两个动作承受者，主语 + 双及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语，如 Rabbit teaches you English. * 只有一个动作承受者(但需补充)，主语 + 复杂及物动词 + 宾语 + (宾语)补语，如 Rabbit considers you smart. * 非“动作”，主语 + 系动词 + (主语)补语/表语，如is、in the room，如 Rabbit is tall. Rabbit looks tall. Rabbit smells nice. 上面也是所谓英语的五种句型 * 句子成分：主语、谓语动词、宾语、宾语补语、主语补语、定语（如**the little white** rabbit ate a large carrot.）、状语（the rabbit ate **quickly**）、同位语（在把主语或宾语说一遍，如 rabbit, **an english teacher**, eats carrots.） * 多个简单句相互嵌套修饰形成 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句；此外还有定于从句、状语从句 * 谓语三大本领： 1. 动作时间（现在、过去、将来、从过去某个时间点算将来“过去将来”） 2. 动作状态（一般、完成、进行、完成、完成进行） 两者做笛卡尔积，就有16 种时态 3. 动作假设，情况，即语气：虚拟语气（if i were a rabbit ...）、陈述语句（I ate a carrot and...）、祈使语句（Eat this carrot and ...） 4. 另外，谓语动词本身无法实现上述本领，也无法独自完成比如否定、可能性、必须性等意思，因此需要有助动词，才能帮助谓语动词完成上述本领，比如 eat，表示 吃过了(完成) 有 have eaten；表示 正在吃(进行) 有 is eating；表示被吃，有 is eaten；表示有能力吃，有 can eat；表示有可能吃，有might eat；表示有义务吃，有 must eat；表示不吃(否定) 有 do not eat； * 非谓语动词：动词不定义、现在分词、动名词、过去分词 ![](https://github.com/Nixum/Java-Note/raw/master/picture/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB.png) ## 语法 * 介词 + 地方：at + 小地方，on + 大地方 * ever + 在疑问词后面，比如what、why、who 表示强调，根据语气，可能带有 surprise / astonishment(惊讶) / anger / irritation(激怒) / dismay 等情绪 * do / does / did 肯定句表强调，一般加在动词后面，后面动词原型，eg：She **did do** morning exercises this morning; 这里的did是表强调，去掉did也可以，She did morning exercises this morning; 这里的did是do的过去式； * was / were doing表礼貌，此时可以跟未来的时间一起搭配 * yet，表示前后句子的表达前后反差很大，yet引导的句子表示很惊喜很惊讶，强转折，表然而但是 * 强调句：it is(was) + 强调部分 + that(who) + 剩余部分 eg：it was my secretan that sent the bill to Mr.Harding yesterday. it was the bill that my secretary sent to Mr.Harding yesterday. 两者强调的部分不一样 * 比较级，最高级，一般规则是加 er/ est，其他的 * 单音节，元音 + 辅音结尾，双写辅音字母，加 er / est * 双音节，辅音字母 + y结尾，变y为i，加 er / est * 一些另外 或者 多音节(>=3个音节)，是加 more，most 或者 less，lest * 甚至有一些上面的规则皆可 * 不规则的，比如 good / well -> better -> best；bad -> worse -> worst；little -> less -> least * 比较级常见用法 * 主语 + be + adj. er + than + 比较对象 * 主语 + be + the + adj. est + n + 范围 * 主语 + be + the + adj. est + n + I‘ve ever met/seen/konwn； xxx我所知道的最xxx的xxx * 时间用法，常规用法： * on + 具体的某一天 * in + 年/季/月，早上/下午/晚上 * at + 时间点 * having been done：完成时的被动，可结合 分词作状语 使用 * have / get something done： * 含义一：让别人来做某事，自己不做 * 含义二：意外，不幸的遭遇，翻译成 被 * have gone to：已经去了，人没回来 * have been to：已经去过，人回来了 * have/has （not） been doing sth：现在完成进行时 * 用法一：过去进行的动作(结束)对现有的影响 * 用法二：过去进行的动作持续（重复）到现在，也许还会继续 * have / has done : 现在完成时 * 用法一：表示过去的事情对现在产生了影响，等价于 did + do/does（做过了什么，现在怎么样） * 用法二：从过去持续到现在的事情，一般会加时间 * had done：过去完成时 * 用法一：过去的过去，强调的是两个过去是有关联的，不然用一般过去时即可 * 用法二：过去时间点A发生，对过去时间点B产生了影响 * 用法三：一个动作从过去A持续或重复到过去B * will have done：将来完成时，否定：won't have done 后面常见于接未来时间 **by** next Monday、**by** tomorrow * 用法一：一个动作持续或重复到将来 * 用法二：一个动作截止到未来某个时间前完成 * had been doing sth：过去完成进行时 * 用法一：过去A进行的v（结束）对过去B产生的影响 * 用法二：过去A进行的 v 持续或重复到过去B ![](https://github.com/Nixum/Java-Note/raw/master/picture/%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%97%B6%E6%97%B6%E6%80%81.png) * 被动语句 * am/is/are + done * was/were + done * am/is/are + being + done * have/has + been + done * had + been + done * how many对可数名词提问，how much对不可数名词提问 * have to 和 must 的区别，两者都是表达必须， * must用在一般现在时，但是没办法表达过去；have to可以用时态，表达过去就能用 had to do 了，否定：don't have to； * must表主观，have to表客观 * 美式英语，直接用 have to，不区分 * have to 等价于 have got to，have gotta do，都是表示必须（比较少用，口语用的多） * have got 等价于 have，都是表示 拥有 * | must / can 表推测 | 现在 | 过去 | | -------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | 肯定 |

must do
must be adj / n
must be doing

|

must have done
must have been adj / n
must have been doing

| | 否定 |

can't do
can't be adj / n
can't be doing

|

can't have done
can't have been adj / n
can't have been doing

| * may / might 表推测，可能是 | may / might 表推测 | 现在 | 过去 | | --------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | 肯定 / 否定 |

may / might (not) do
may / might (not) be adj / n
may / might (not) be doing

|

may / might (not) have done
may / might (not)have been adj / n
may / might (not) have been doing

| * need * 动词，含义同want：need to do sth，否定 don't need to do sth（等价于 don't have to do sth，不必做某事） * 情态动词，含义同can，表不必（常出现在否定句/疑问句）：needn't do 等价于 can’t do needn't have done：本不必如此，但事情已经发生了，有后悔的语言效果；要区分needn't do，两种意思还是不太一样 * need doing sth：被动语句，等价于 need to be done * should (not) do 或者 ought (not) to do，都是表示应该做 * should have done 或者 ought to have done，都是表示本应该做某事，但却没有 * 并列连词 * both A and B ：A 和 B 都 * either A or B：A 或 B，就近原则，看B是不是复数，来决定后面的动词是什么 * neither A nor B：既不是 A 也不是 B ，就近原则，看B是不是复数，来决定后面的动词是什么 * not only ... but also ...：不仅...而且... * **if 引导的条件从句，主将从现**，eg：if you don't hurry, you will miss the train. **if 真实条件句**：A动作成立关联B动作成立，不符合虚拟语气结构，不与事实相反，比如 if 引导的主将从现句子是一种例子，其他例子：if you didn't study English at school, you won't understand this book. 或者 if jack didn't come to work yesterday, he was probably ill. * 虚拟语气： * **if + did/were, 主语 + would / should / could / might do**，这里的did并非表示过去，比如有 `if i were you, i wouldn't do that`这句话是对的 * if 从句中的 动词 与 **现在的事实** 相反 * 说话人认为，if 从句中 动词 发生的机率非常低，所以如果 if 从句里是否定句，那将biao's * if + 主语 + had done...，主语 + would / should / could / might + have done. * if 从句中的 动词 与 **过去的事实** 相反 * 变体，if + 主语 + could have done ，比如 if you **could have made** 等价于 if you **had been able to** make * 定语从句 与 同位语从句 的区别： 两者都作补充说明，但定语从句是修饰，而同位语从句是一个完整的句子补充说明一个名词，去掉连接词也是完整的，而定语从句的 that / which / who 是充当句子成分的，比如主语或宾语，不能去掉 名词性从句，从句一般充当名词，解释名词，常用的连词：that / if or whether / 常用特殊疑问词 * 宾语从句： He asked (**if** Mr. Gilbert's operation had been successful) and the doctor told him (**that** it had been). He then asked (**when** Mr. Gilbert would be allowed to go home)... * 同位语从句： No one could account for the fact **that** one of the boxes was extremely heavy. * 表语从句： * 主语从句： **It** seem certain **that their plane would crash.** 这里从句指代的是it 形容词从句，从句解释形容词，常用连接词 that / who /which / where / whose / when * 定语从句： Jasper White is one of those rare people (**who** believe in acient myths.) * 非限定性定语从句 副词性从句，从句解释副词，如 状语从句； * 时间状语从句：常用连词：when / while / as / before / after / as soon as / til / until；特殊连词：ever since / since / the moment / no sooner ... than ... / hardly ... when * 地点状语从句 * 原因状语从句：常用连词：because / as / for / since * 目的状语从句：常用连词：so that / in order that / that ...； 特殊连词：in order to / as ... as to eg：so that：以便，为了，一般用于连接两个句子，表目的 * 结果状语从句：常用连词：so ... that / such ... that ... * 条件状语从句：常用连词：if / unless * 让步状语从句：常用连词：although / though / even thougt / even if / no matter how / whatever / whoever... * 比较状语从句：as ... as / than * 方式状语从句：as / like / as if / the way * 分词作定语 * done作定语 * 被动一般 The taxi is a small airplane **called** a 'Pilatus Porter'. * 被动完成 on a **ploughed** field * 主动完成 a **retired** captain = a captain who has retired * doing作定语 * 主动进行 the **sleeping** child = the child who is sleeping. * 主动一般 I like the girl **dancing with that guy**. * 分词作状语，简化状语从句 * 一般需要**前后主语一致**；去掉状语从句的主语，连词可留；从句的动词变成分词；分词有两种，如果从句是主动进行或者主动一般，使用doing，如果从句是被动完成 或 被动一般，使用done； 原句：When the baby opened his eyes, he began to cry. 改成分词状语引导：Opening his eyes, the baby began to cry. * 如果分词要强调从句的动词发生在主句动作前，使用having done 原句：After he had completed the book, he had a holiday. 改成分词状语引导：(After) Having completed the book, he had a holiday. * 如果是否定的，使用 not + 分词 原句：Because i didn't want to wake her, I left the house silently. 改成分词状语引导：Not wanting to wake her, I left the house silently. * 特殊的，be + 形容词 + 名词 原句：My girlfriend is a doctor, she knows what medicine you should take; 改成分词状语引导：（Being）a doctor, my grilfriend knows what medicine you should take. * 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，都是做补充和说明，区别是非限定性定语从句前面有逗号，且去掉这句也无所谓，而限定性定语从句的修饰是指定的，比如： * He has a daugter who works in a hospital. 表示有一个在医院工作的女儿，可能也有其他女儿，但是这里特指那个在医院工作的 * He has a daugter, who works in a hospital. （= and she works in a hospital）表示有一个女儿，这个女儿是在医院工作 * only部分倒装 * only 在句首时，主谓可能颠倒，属于语言习惯，有时和than一起出现，only than... Only on one occasion **have I** ever felt frightened. Onlythen **did I** understand what she meant. Only after her death **was I** able to do that. * only 说明主语，主谓不倒装 Only policemen can come in. Only my mother really understands me. * not only + 部分倒装（简单理解为将原句改成一般疑问句），起到强调的作用，eg： And **you will not only** have to pay him to do this, far more important, you will have to agree with him. 部分倒装之后： And **not only will you** have to pay him to do this, far more important, you will have to agree with him. --- # Agent Instructions This documentation is published with GitBook. GitBook is the documentation platform designed so that both humans and AI agents can read, navigate, and reason over technical content effectively. Learn more at gitbook.com. ## Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. 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